A trainee at a facility of the U.S. chip maker GlobalFoundries in Germany last year. The U.S. is looking to strengthen its own production of semiconductors.
Photo: Sebastian Kahnert/Zuma PressThe Trump administration and semiconductor companies are looking to jump-start development of new chip factories in the U.S. as concern grows about reliance on Asia as a source of critical technology.
A new crop of cutting-edge chip factories in the U.S. would reshape the industry and mark a U-turn after decades of expansion into Asia by many American companies eager to reap investment incentives and take part in a robust regional supply chain.
The coronavirus pandemic has underscored longstanding concern by U.S. officials and executives about protecting global supply chains from disruption. Administration officials say they are particularly concerned about reliance on Taiwan, the self-governing island China claims as its own, and the home of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., the world’s largest contract chip manufacturer and one of only three companies capable of making the fastest, most-cutting-edge chips.
Trump administration officials are in talks with Intel Corp., the largest American chip maker, and with TSMC, to build factories in the U.S., according to correspondence viewed by The Wall Street Journal and people familiar with the discussions.
“We’re very serious about this,” said Greg Slater, Intel’s vice president of policy and technical affairs. Mr. Slater said Intel’s plan would be to operate a plant that could provide advanced chips securely for both the government and other customers.
“We think it’s a good opportunity,” Mr. Slater said. “The timing is better and the demand for this is greater than it has been in the past, even from the commercial side.”
TSMC has been talking to officials at the Commerce and Defense departments as well as to Apple Inc., one of its largest customers, about building a chip factory in the U.S., said people familiar with the conversations.
In a statement, TSMC said it is open to building an overseas plant. “We are actively evaluating all the suitable locations, including in the U.S., but there is no concrete plan yet,” the company said.
Some U.S. officials are also interested in trying to help South Korea’s Samsung Electronics Co., which already operates a chip factory in Austin, Texas, to expand its contract-manufacturing operations in the U.S. to produce more advanced chips, according to a person familiar with the matter.
“The administration is committed to ensuring continued U.S. technological leadership,” a senior official said in a statement. “The U.S. government continues to coordinate with state, local and private-sector partners as well as our allies and partners abroad, to collaborate on research and development, manufacturing, supply-chain management, and workforce development opportunities.”
Intel CEO Bob Swan at a conference in Las Vegas in January. He recently wrote to the Defense Department about operating a commercial U.S. foundry.
Photo: steve marcus/ReutersBob Swan, Intel’s chief executive, sent a letter on April 28 to Defense Department officials expressing his company’s readiness to build a commercial foundry—an industry term typically referring to a chip factory that can make products on contract for other companies—in partnership with the Pentagon.
Strengthening U.S. domestic production and ensuring technological leadership is “more important than ever, given the uncertainty created by the current geopolitical environment,” Mr. Swan wrote in the letter, viewed by the Journal.
“We currently think it is in the best interest of the United States and of Intel to explore how Intel could operate a commercial U.S. foundry to supply a broad range of microelectronics,” the letter said.
A Defense Department official sent Intel’s letter to Senate Armed Services Committee staffers the next day, according to an email viewed by the Journal, calling the proposal an “interesting and intriguing option” for a U.S. company to lead an “on-shore, commercial, state of the art” chip foundry.
Talks over chip-factory development plans have been under way for some time but have gained momentum recently as concern mounted about the fragility of the Asian supply chain and the defense industry’s access to domestically sourced advanced chips.
Taiwan, China and South Korea “represent a triad of dependency for the entire U.S. digital economy,” said an influential 2019 Pentagon report on national-security considerations regarding the supply chain for microelectronics.
“Taiwan, in particular, represents a single point-of-failure for most of the United States’ largest, most important technology companies,” said the report, written by Rick Switzer, who served as a senior foreign-policy adviser to an Air Force unit. He concluded that the U.S. needs to strengthen its industrial policies to address the situation.
Chip makers also sense an opportunity to bring in funding for an industry increasingly seen as a national-security priority in the midst of stimulus efforts tied to the coronavirus pandemic, according to people familiar with their strategy.
While U.S. government leaders and technology executives broadly agree the U.S. needs to improve its capability to make chips domestically, the current landscape is complex and decision makers don’t share a unified view of how precisely to move forward.
The U.S. already has dozens of semiconductor factories, but only Intel’s are capable of making the fastest and most-power-efficient chips, those branded as having transistors 10 nanometers or smaller. Intel, however, mostly makes silicon for its own products.
Among foundries that make chips on contract for other companies, only TSMC in Taiwan and Samsung in South Korea make chips at 10 nanometers or lower.
Many U.S. chip companies, including Qualcomm Inc., Nvidia Corp., Broadcom Inc., Xilinx Inc. and Advanced Micro Devices Inc., rely on TSMC to manufacture many of their most advanced products. Intel also makes chips with TSMC, according to TSMC’s 2019 annual report.
Intel’s competitors in the chip business could be wary of contracting business to Intel unless the company proved its capabilities in the business and found a way to ensure the protection of its rivals’ technology in the process.
There are also divisions at the Pentagon, where some officials are more focused on solving the department’s own needs, while others are looking at the issue as a broader supply-chain problem, according to people involved in the discussions.
“The Department closely tracks domestic manufacturing and production of all defense sectors critical to our supply chains, and microchips is certainly one that will continue to play a key role in most, if not all, major defense programs,” said Lt. Col. Mike Andrews, a Pentagon spokesman.
The Semiconductor Industry Association, a trade group, is conducting its own study on domestic chip production that is expected to recommend the U.S. government spend tens of billions of dollars on a new fund to propel domestic chip investment, according to a person familiar with the matter.
“Semiconductors are fundamental to America’s economic resilience and national security, so it’s a no-brainer for the U.S. to invest more in our domestic chip sector,” said John Neuffer, SIA’s president and chief executive. “China and others are investing heavily, and the U.S. needs to do more to rise to the challenge to play to win.”
Another proposal that is supported by SEMI, an industry group representing semiconductor manufacturing equipment makers, involves giving tax credits to chip makers when they purchase and install equipment at factories in the U.S.
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Other studies addressing support for more domestic chip-making are under way at the Pentagon, and the State and Commerce departments have also been looking at the issue, according to people familiar with the matter.
“There’s a lot of discussion going on about what the government needs to do to have a secure supply of microelectronics, and is it a public-private partnership thing, is it a tax credit, is it straight cash or is it a combination of those things?” said another person familiar with the discussions under way.
U.S. chip makers have backed off on building cutting-edge chip factories domestically in recent years largely because of their cost, which can surpass $10 billion, and a rapid development cycle that means the benefits of being ahead don’t last long.
Meanwhile, other governments, including China, Taiwan, Singapore and Israel, have poured generous financial support into developing their own domestic manufacturing, paying for factory buildings and subsidizing expensive equipment.
China’s heavy investment in its semiconductor industry has been a particular concern to both U.S. manufacturers and the Pentagon, since advanced chips are needed for modern military systems. Among its splashiest outlays, China last October set up a $29 billion fund to propel the industry.
In parallel with efforts to speed up the U.S.’s chip industry, the Trump administration is also aiming to slow China’s down. China hawks have made headway in recent weeks in advancing more restrictions, including removing an exemption that had allowed U.S. companies to ship microchips and other advanced products to Chinese customers without seeking an export license from the Commerce Department, provided they weren’t destined for military use.
The Commerce Department is also considering a rule aimed at cutting off Chinese telecom giant Huawei Technologies Co.’s ability to manufacture chips at TSMC, which would potentially be a crushing blow. President Trump has approved the move, but Commerce Department officials are still working through preliminary drafts, according to people familiar with the matter.
China is responding to the pressure by warning American companies they will face consequences in China if U.S. restrictions hamper the country’s key economic drivers. Chinese officials emphasized that message in meetings last month with large American technology companies, after delivering similar warnings last June, according to people familiar with the matter.
Write to Asa Fitch at asa.fitch@wsj.com, Kate O’Keeffe at kathryn.okeeffe@wsj.com and Bob Davis at bob.davis@wsj.com
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